Tissue-specific roles of monoacylglycerol (MAG) in metabolic diseases

Monoacylglycerol (MAG) is an important bioactive lipid metabolite/intermediate, playing crucial roles in energy homeostasis and cellular signaling. This review explores MAG's chemical structure, classification, and metabolic pathways. We also discuss the emerging evidence for MAG as a signaling molecule, with particular emphasis on their interactions with cannabinoid receptor 1 and cannabinoid receptor 2 and G-protein-coupled receptor 119. We focus on examining the diverse and tissue-specific functions of MAG in the context of metabolic diseases, including the roles of MAG in nutrient absorption, appetite regulation, obesity, glucose homeostasis, and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, we address therapeutic approaches in modulating MAG metabolism and challenges in development, considering the complexity of targeting peripheral tissues. This review provides insights into the multifaceted roles of MAG in metabolic health and disease, paving the way for novel therapeutic strategies in the management of metabolic disorders.