Bidirectional mediation between microbiota and immune system in Parkinson disease: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Recent studies suggest that gut and skin microbiota, immune cells, and inflammatory proteins may contribute to the development of Parkinson disease (PD). However, their causal relationships and underlying mediating mechanisms remain unclear. We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis using publicly available genome-wide association study summary data to evaluate the causal relationships among 473 gut and 150 skin microbiota, 731 immune cell phenotypes, 91 inflammatory proteins, and PD. Sensitivity analyses and mediation analyses were conducted to evaluate robustness and explore potential biological pathways. We identified 16 gut microbial taxa, 2 skin microbiota, 19 immune cell phenotypes, and 4 inflammatory proteins with significant causal associations with PD. Two-step mediation Mendelian randomization further revealed multiple potential pathways of "microbiota-immune-PD" and "immune-microbiota-PD." For instance, HLA DR on myeloid dendritic cells mediated 14.80% of the effect of Gammaproteobacteria_Sebaceous on PD risk, while Species Bifidobacterium adolescentis mediated 10.50% the protective effect of CD28- CD8dim %T cell. Notably, IL-18 exhibited the highest mediation proportion (26.4%) via the family Lentimicrobiaceae. Our findings provide novel genetic evidence supporting the role of the microbiota-immune axis in PD pathogenesis and highlight potential targets for therapeutic intervention.