Glucagon-like peptide agonists and use in short bowel syndrome – what about the side effects?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review summarizes recent evidence on the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) agonists in the management of short bowel syndrome (SBS), with a focus on emerging therapies and real-world experience. It evaluates their impact on intestinal adaptation, safety, and future clinical potential. RECENT FINDINGS: GLP-2 agonists such as teduglutide continue to demonstrate improvements in intestinal absorption resulting in reductions in parenteral support (PS) requirements and improved quality of life. Clinical trials report that newer long-acting agents, such as apraglutide and glepaglutide, allow less frequent dosing with a reduction in PS and structural intestinal changes on imaging. Safety profiles remain favourable, with gastrointestinal symptoms, fluid balance issues, gallbladder events and injection-site reactions reported most frequently. GLP-1 agonists show promise in slowing transit time and offer an area for further research. SUMMARY: While GLP-2 agonists shape the current landscape of SBS management, GLP-1 based therapies may complement future treatment strategies offering the potential to reduce or even eliminate dependence on PS. Continued long-term studies and registry data are essential to optimize patient selection, safety monitoring, and personalized use of GLP agonists.