Impact of mRNA and protein isoforms in lipoprotein metabolism and how to modulate them

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: More than 95% of human genes undergo alternative pre-mRNA processing based on cell type, developmental stages, and environmental stimuli, among other factors. Not all alternatively spliced mRNAs are translated to proteins, and some of the noncoding mRNA isoforms play vital roles in cellular homeostasis. This review summarizes protein coding and noncoding RNA isoforms reported for key genes involved in lipoprotein metabolism, and emerging technologies that can be exploited to specifically induce a desired isoform. RECENT FINDINGS: As sequencing technologies become more accessible, more variations in gene transcripts are being detected. Publicly available databases collate these as they arise, but not all of them are captured. Additionally, the function, if any, of many of these alternatively spliced transcripts is currently unknown. Novel strategies to investigate specific transcripts are also continuously evolving. SUMMARY: Most human genes are alternatively spliced, generating various mRNAs and protein isoforms. Any cis or trans factors that alter the balance of these isoforms can have deleterious effects. The fundamental knowledge on the role of each isoform in maintaining cellular health is currently lacking. Emerging technologies which allow modulation of natural mRNA splicing can be used to further our understanding of natural isoform expression and function.