Considering affective state as a central component of the response of animals to environmental changes

Current environmental changes are often considered as negatively impacting the affective state of animals. Yet, the interplay between environmental conditions and affective state should rather be viewed as a reciprocal and dynamic relationship, as variation in affective state likely determines how animals decide to respond to environmental changes. Here, I illustrate how affective states may contribute to determining how animals respond to environmental changes through phenotypic plasticity, environmental modification or dispersal. A condition for future studies to examine this hypothesis will be to consider the response of animals in parallel with valid indicators of affective state reflecting different affective dimensions (valence, arousal) over different timescales. Moreover, considering affective state as a central component of the response of animals to environmental changes implies that a condition to realistically investigate this response is to provide animals with the freedom to decide between options associated with different affective values.