Qualitative tools to understand the capability, opportunity and motivation behind researcher behaviour: a scoping review

Abstract Qualitative approaches provide valuable tools to explore complex behaviors, and the meta-research field is increasingly using behavioural science frameworks to examine researcher behaviour. This scoping review aimed to map and present available information on qualitative data collection instruments developed to assess researcher capability, opportunity and motivation. We applied a search strategy following PRESS principles across six major databases and a dissertations repository. The review selected 27 publications, of which 81.5% were published open access. We were able to access 89% of the data collection instruments. Although most studies (93%) developed their own instruments, only 35% mentioned a validation or pilot testing strategy. All 27 studies used behavioural models in tool development, with 85% using them to present results, 78% in the discussion and 59% in their theoretical framework. However, critical limitations persist in transparency and the deep integration of theory into research practices. These findings highlight the urgent need for clearer guidelines and higher standards in the design, reporting, and sharing of qualitative tools to strengthen data quality and transferability. The study protocol was registered and is available at https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/4KWTD.