Do irrotational water waves remain irrotational in the limit of a vanishing viscosity?
Abstract
Abstract Theoretical results on water waves almost always start by assuming irrotationality of the flow in order to simplify the formulation. In this work, we investigate the well-foundedness of this hypothesis via numerical simulations of the free surface Navier–Stokes equations. We show that, in the presence of a non-flat bathymetry, either angular or smooth, a gravity wave of finite amplitude can shed vortex pairs from the bottom boundary layer into the bulk of the flow. As these eddies approach the free surface, they modify the shape of the wave. It is found that this perturbation does not vanish as the Reynolds number (Re) is increased. The vanishing viscosity limit of water waves is, therefore, singular when no-slip boundary conditions are enforced on the bottom.
Fields of Study & Subjects
Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing
Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
Navier-Stokes equation solutions
Publication details
- Journal / source
- Proceedings of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Volume
- 482
- Issue
- 2329
- Publication date
- 1 January 2026
- Language
- EN