Pushing and pulling ponderomotive forces in wave packets and beat waves

We consider ponderomotive forces acting on small particles in propagating wave packets (pulses). Specifically, we analyze simple point particles as well as composite dipole and dumbbell particles in the fields of forward-propagating (parallel phase and group velocities) and backward-propagating (antiparallel phase and group velocities) wave packets. Depending on the characteristics of the wave packet, particles may be pushed away from the wave source or pulled toward it. We also examine particle dynamics in the field of a beat wave generated by two forward-propagating waves with slightly different frequencies. Such a beat wave can emulate a periodic sequence of either forward- or backward-propagating pulses. In particular, this provides a simple mechanism for realizing pulling forces as employed in optical and acoustic `tractor beams'.