Neural inference of fluid-structure interactions from sparse off-body measurements

We report a novel physics-informed neural framework for reconstructing unsteady fluid-structure interactions (FSI) from sparse, single-phase observations of the flow. Our approach combines a modal surface model with coordinate neural representations of the fluid and solid states, constrained by the fluid's governing equations and interface conditions. Using only off-body Lagrangian particle tracks and a moving-wall boundary condition, the method infers both flow fields and structural motion. It does not require a constitutive model for the solid or measurements of surface position, although including these can improve performance. We demonstrate the approach numerically on two canonical FSI benchmarks: vortex-induced oscillations of a 2D flapping plate and pulse-wave propagation in a 3D flexible pipe. We also demonstrate it on flow around a swimming fish. In all cases, the framework achieves accurate reconstructions of flow states and structural deformations despite acute data sparsity near the moving interface. A key result is that reconstructions remain robust to over-parameterization. This work extends physics-informed neural networks to coupled fluid-structure dynamics learned from single-phase observations, and it provides a pathway toward quantitative FSI analysis when flow measurements are sparse and structural measurements are asynchronous or unavailable.