Navigating paradoxes in sustainable SME internationalization

Purpose This study aims to investigate the role of sustainability in the internationalization strategies of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This study explores the paradoxes faced by SMEs aiming to balance social, environmental and economic goals. This study focuses on the tensions encountered by sustainability-oriented entrepreneurs in international markets. Design/methodology/approach The study uses an exploratory qualitative methodology, using semi-structured interviews with SME managers, consultants and support providers in France, providing in-depth insights into how different sustainability orientations influence international strategies, including market selection, entry modes and strategic planning organization. Findings The findings highlight various sustainability behaviors in entrepreneurs, ranging from one-dimensional focus to holistic approaches, which shape international CSR in SMEs. The study examines the tensions of balancing sustainability adoption with adaptation to international markets, highlighting how sustainability-oriented SMEs expand internationally and navigate these challenges. Research limitations/implications This study complements research on specific factors that contribute to the survival and international growth of sustainability-oriented firms, highlighting the behaviors of sustainability-driven SMEs and strategic outcomes. Limitations include a small sample size and a single cultural context. Future studies aimed at deepening our understanding will explore firms across industries and countries, including entrepreneurial cognition factors and longitudinal views. Originality/value Few studies combine Sustainable and International Entrepreneurship to examine SME internationalization. This research contributes to the emerging literature on responsible SME internationalization, offering new insights into how these SMEs strategically manage sustainability paradoxes.