Integrating AHP and GIS for multi-factor heritage appraisal: a framework for industrial heritage conservation in Hangzhou

Purpose This study aims to develop an integrated framework for the evaluation and mapping of industrial heritage values, with the goal of supporting conservation and revitalisation efforts in rapidly transforming urban contexts. The research focuses on Hangzhou, China, as a representative case of post-industrial cities facing increasing development pressure on heritage resources. Design/methodology/approach The study constructs a multi-criteria appraisal system incorporating architectural characteristics, historical value, physical integrity, environmental context and social perception. Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is applied to weight the criteria, based on expert consultation, and geographic information system (GIS) is used to spatialise the assessment outcomes. This integration enables value-based mapping, supporting sustainable heritage management and revitalisation strategies. Findings The findings reveal a spatial clustering of high-value industrial heritage sites in specific zones, reflecting both historical development patterns and recent urban transformation. The study demonstrates that the combined AHP-GIS approach effectively identifies conservation priorities and potential revitalisation zones, enabling more targeted and context-sensitive planning interventions. Research limitations/implications The study is limited to one slicing context at a time, and weighting results reflect selected experts’ perspectives. Broader stakeholder engagement may enhance generalisability. Originality/value Unlike previous studies that apply AHP and GIS separately or at macro scales, this research introduces a spatially disaggregated and context-responsive framework for heritage value appraisal at the site level. The study's methodological integration allows for fine-grained mapping of conservation priorities, providing a more actionable tool for urban heritage planning.