The energy trilemma: what is the direction for the economic growth in ASEAN countries?

Purpose This study examines the relationship between the three dimensions of the energy trilemma, including energy security, energy equity, and environmental sustainability, and their influence on economic growth in seven ASEAN countries from 2000 to 2022. Design/methodology/approach The analysis employs the Pooled Mean Group Autoregressive Distributed Lag (PMG-ARDL) model to capture both short term and long term effects. Findings In the short term, energy security and energy equity positively influence economic growth, while environmental sustainability has a negative effect. These findings reveal a trade-off between environmental protection and economic performance. Access to stable and affordable energy appears to be the most important factor driving short term growth, highlighting the need to prioritize energy security in national policies. However, in the long term, energy security shows a negative association with growth, suggesting potential structural or resource-related inefficiencies. This shift underscores the importance of adapting energy strategies to balance short term economic needs with long term sustainability goals. Originality/value The study provides new empirical evidence on the trade-offs inherent in the energy trilemma and offers important insights for ASEAN countries seeking to design energy policies that support both economic development and sustainable energy transitions.