Examining Halal SCM, spiritual leadership and sustainable performance using FsQCA: evidence from Indonesian SMEs

Purpose This study aims to investigate the intricate cause-and-effect relationships within the realm of Halal Supply Chain Management (HSCM) practices among small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Specifically, it seeks to identify combinations of conditions that consistently lead to sustainable performance outcomes and highlight the interdependence of HSCM, spiritual leadership, traceability system and knowledge management. Design/methodology/approach This research used a Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (FsQCA) approach to examine the multifaceted relationships among the variables of interest. Data were gathered from Indonesian SMEs engaged in HSCM practices, and specific combinations of conditions were identified through FsQCA. Findings The research findings reveal a robust and consistent link between HSCM, spiritual leadership, and sustainable performance among SMEs. When these variables coexist, they consistently lead to favorable outcomes, emphasizing their interdependence and mutual reinforcement. Originality/value This study underscores the intrinsic value of interconnecting HSCM practices, spiritual leadership, traceability systems, and knowledge management within SMEs, revealing their pivotal role in fostering sustainable performance outcomes.