Comparative analysis of finishing techniques for functionalization of cotton fabric using zinc oxide nanoparticles

Purpose Advancements in nanotechnology have enabled the development of multifunctional textiles with enhanced durability. However, achieving uniform and durable nanoparticle deposition remains challenging. Incorporating antibacterial functionality is essential for hygiene, microbial resistance and fabric longevity. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) are recognized for effective antibacterial activity. The purpose of this paper is to improve nanoparticle distribution, adhesion and antibacterial property on selected cotton fabrics. Design/methodology/approach ZnONPs were synthesized and applied to cotton fabrics using the three finishing techniques, including ultrasonic atomizer assisted coating, dip-dry and dip-coating method. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FT-IR, particle size and zeta potential analysis and FESEM-EDS. ZnONPs-treated fabrics were analyzed by FESEM-EDS to assess nanoparticle distribution. Metal composition was analyzed using ICP-OES. Antibacterial activity was assessed against S. aureus and E. coli. Findings The results revealed that, among the finishing techniques, ultrasonic atomizer-assisted finishing showed superior nanoparticle distribution and antibacterial property. Originality/value The study presents a novel comparative assessment of three nanoparticle finishing methods. It highlights the advantages of ultrasonic atomizer-assisted finishing for achieving uniform deposition and improved antibacterial properties, offering a scalable approach for future industrial adoption in functional textile development.