Energy-Efficient Cluster-Based Routing in WSNs Using a Hybrid GWO-PSO Optimization Technique

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) nodes function with limited, non-rechargeable battery power, making energy efficiency critical for prolonged network operation. The continuous processes of sensing, transmission, and computation significantly drain energy, highlighting the necessity for efficient energy management strategies. Clustering techniques are extensively employed to enhance energy distribution and prolong the lifespan of networks. The proposed HybridGWO-PSOpresents an innovative method that merges Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to create an energy-efficient cluster-based routing technique. GWO is employed for the effective selection of cluster heads (CH), taking into account factors like the node’s residual energy, distances to the base station and other nodes, as well as transmission energy. PSO enhances cluster formation by considering intra-cluster distance, node density, and remaining energy, thereby optimizing data transmission and the selection of relay nodes. Thorough simulations assess the proposed approach based on metrics such as network stability, data dissemination, dead nodes, active nodes, packets transmitted to the base station, and CH selection for each round. The results show notable enhancements in network longevity and energy efficiency when compared to conventional methods, confirming the efficacy of the proposed approach.