Unlocking Grid-Independent Local Network: Optimized PV and EV-Based Storage With V2H for Local Energy Management in Western Australia

This study investigates the optimal sizing of photovoltaic (PV) systems and battery energy storage systems (BESS) for residential grid-connected homes that incorporate electric vehicles (EVs) with vehicle-to-home (V2H) functionality. To reduce household electricity expenses, both particle swarm optimisation (PSO) and Bayesian optimisation (BO) techniques are considered for optimal sizing; however, the proposed framework primarily employs BO in conjunction with a custom rule-based Local Energy Management System (LEMS) due to its superior sample efficiency and convergence characteristics. The analysis accounts for uncertainties in EV availability by modelling stochastic variations in arrival/departure times and initial state of charge (SOC). Comprehensive simulations and sensitivity analyses explore the effects of V2H integration, daily export limitations, and dynamic electricity pricing. Results reveal that V2H-enabled systems can eliminate the need for a stationary battery while still achieving approximately 5% cost savings compared to setups that include PV, BESS, and EVs without V2H.