Cyber-Physical Systems and Digital Twins for Human-Centric Manufacturing in Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0: A Systematic Survey and Integrated Taxonomy

The rapid diffusion of cyber-physical systems (CPS), digital twins, and data-driven architectures has reconfigured manufacturing systems under the Industry 4.0 paradigm, while the emerging Industry 5.0 perspective emphasizes human-centricity, sustainability, and resilience. Despite extensive research, the literature remains fragmented across technological, human, managerial, and sustainability-oriented dimensions, limiting the integration of CPS capabilities with human involvement modes, business value creation, and measurable sustainability outcomes. This paper presents a PRISMA-guided systematic survey combined with taxonomy-building and conceptual synthesis of CPS-enabled and digital twin-supported human-centric manufacturing systems. Based on a final corpus of 71 selected studies and references, the review develops an integrated taxonomy structured across technical architecture, human involvement, application and value creation, and sustainability and resilience outcomes. The paper also positions the proposed taxonomy against prior reviews, classifies digital twin implementations according to maturity level, functionality, and lifecycle integration, and distinguishes empirically supported outcomes from conceptual or expected benefits. The analysis further identifies key implementation challenges related to cybersecurity, interoperability, data governance, scalability, digital twin validation, human-centric design, and sustainability measurement. The findings contribute to the literature by bridging engineering, management, digital servitization, socio-technical, and sustainability perspectives, while providing a structured framework for analyzing CPS adoption, operator roles, value creation mechanisms, governance requirements, and Industry 5.0-oriented transformation pathways.