Global Review of Long Duration Energy Storage Market Participation Models: Insights for Enhancing U.S. Market Rules

Long-Duration Energy Storage (LDES) technologies are essential for a reliable and resilient electric grid, yet current U.S. market frameworks create investment barriers by undercompensating their value. Existing market models often fail to reward the full suite of services from diverse LDES technologies, particularly multi-hour and multi-day reliability. This paper conducts a global review of LDES market participation models, analyzing their merits and shortcomings through international case studies. We diagnose critical design gaps in the U.S. system, such as duration-agnostic capacity accreditation and the lack of resilience-focused products. Based on this review, we propose best practices and a policy roadmap for the U.S. to foster technologyinclusive LDES adoption by better aligning market incentives with system needs.