Understanding Deep Tech: Conceptual Foundations, Strategic Stakes, and Policy Implications

Deep tech has become a central concept in innovation, entrepreneurship, and public policy, frequently invoked to describe science-based ventures and breakthrough technologies. Despite its growing prominence, the term remains conceptually ambiguous and theoretically underdeveloped. This article adopts a conceptual–analytical approach to clarify the meaning and role of deep tech within contemporary innovation systems. Drawing on innovation studies, technology entrepreneurship, and science and technology studies, it examines how deep tech is defined, mobilized, and operationalized across technological, business, and policy domains. The analysis shows that deep tech is best understood not as a specific technology category, but as a performative and strategic innovation regime characterized by radical innovation, long time horizons, ecosystem dependence, and mission-oriented public intervention. The article offers conceptual clarity and practical insights for managers and policymakers navigating high-uncertainty, science-based innovation contexts.