Data Centers for Sustainable Grids: From Microgrids to Supergrids

The expansion of data centers (DCs), accelerated by artificial intelligence (AI) and cloud computing, is redefining their role in power systems. DCs are shifting from being passive loads to active prosumers, with the potential to provide flexibility from microgrids to supergrids. This article explores modeling approaches and integration strategies, focusing on static and dynamic representations of IT, uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs), and auxiliary systems. Hybrid physics-based and data-driven models are identified as essential to capture stochastic workload dynamics. The role of DC energy management systems (EMSs) is analyzed across system levels: optimization within microgrids, various functions within distribution networks, stability support in transmission systems, and balancing in supergrids. Potential contributions to ancillary services, including frequency response, voltage regulation, and black start, are assessed, with attention to novel configurations, such as small modular reactor (SMR) colocation. The study concludes that DCs can evolve into controllable, flexible assets that enhance the resilience, security, and reliability of future electricity networks.