Efficiency Evaluation of LVDC and LVAC Architectures for EV Integration with Coordinated Charging

Low Voltage DC (LVDC) architectures present a promising solution for the efficient integration of photovoltaics, Battery Energy Storage Systems, and Electric Vehicle (EV) chargers. This study is preceded by a comprehensive literature review summarizing existing research, key contributions, and limitations—particularly the limited exploration of EV integration in LVDC versus Low Voltage AC (LVAC) systems. Using real-world data and dynamic EV charging models, the study compares both architectures using two charging strategies: opportunistic and coordinated charging. Coordinated EV charging emerges as a key enabler of synergy between flexible demand and renewable generation, substantially improving the Self-Sufficiency Index. This effect is particularly strong in LVDC systems due to their inherent efficiency compared to LVAC. In contrast, LVAC systems experience reduced benefits from coordination, hindered by additional conversion stages.