Design and Implementation of Antenna Sensor for Non-Invasive Monitoring of Blood Glucose Levels

Noninvasive blood glucose monitoring plays a crucial role in effective diabetes care. However, traditional finger-prick techniques are invasive and inconvenient for frequent usage. This paper proposes a non-invasive antenna-based sensor operating at 5 GHz, designed and optimized using Ansys HFSS to detect changes in tissue dielectric properties caused by glucose variations. These changes influence key electromagnetic parameters such as resonant frequency and return loss, which are evaluated using S-parameters. The complete system integrates real-time signal acquisition and processing, validated through both a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) and a Software Defined Radio (SDR). The observed correlation between glucose levels and electromagnetic response highlights the sensor's promise for comfortable, continuous, and wearable glucose monitoring.