Battery Management Systems for Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles: Architectures, Modeling, and SOC Estimation Methods - A State of the Art

Electric vehicles (EVs) rely on lithium-ion batteries as their main energy source, making battery safety, efficiency, and reliability critical design issues. To ensure proper battery operation under varying load and environmental conditions, battery management systems (BMS) are integrated into EV battery packs. This paper provides a concise state-of-the-art review of BMS technologies for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicle applications. The review covers common BMS architectures and implementation topologies, as well as equivalent circuit models used for battery behavior representation. Key BMS functions, including state-of-charge (SOC), state-of-health (SOH), and state-of-power (SOP) estimation methods, are also discussed. In addition, recent trends such as artificial intelligence-based techniques and wireless battery management systems (wBMS) are briefly highlighted. The paper aims to offer an application-oriented overview that supports the selection of suitable BMS solutions for electric vehicle systems.