ViPSN 2.0: A Reconfigurable Battery-Free IoT Platform for Vibration Energy Harvesting

Vibration energy harvesting is a promising solution for powering battery-free IoT systems; however, the instability of ambient vibrations presents significant challenges, such as limited harvested energy, intermittent power supply, and poor adaptability to various applications. To address these challenges, this paper proposes ViPSN2.0, a modular and reconfigurable IoT platform that supports multiple vibration energy harvesters (piezoelectric, electromagnetic, and triboelectric) and accommodates sensing tasks with varying application requirements through standardized hot-swappable interfaces. ViPSN 2.0 incorporates an energyindication power management framework tailored to various application demands, including light-duty discrete sampling, heavyduty high-power sensing, and complex-duty streaming tasks, thereby effectively managing fluctuating energy availability. The platform’s versatility and robustness are validated through three representative applications: ViPSN-Beacon, using an ultra-lowcost structural PZT (ϕ35 mm,