Stable and Durable BTOnws–PVDF Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Self-Powered Energy Supply and Real-Time Impact Monitoring

Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has emerged as promising candidates for self-powered systems due to their ability to harvest mechanical energy and serve as active sensors. In this work, we report the fabrication of a barium titanate nanowire (BTOnws)-doped poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) composite TENG, designed to enhance mechanical robustness and electrical output. The optimized TENG exhibits stable and superior output performance including open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 280 V, short-circuit current (ISC) of 12 μA, and power density of 1.45 W/m2. The effects of device structural on output performance are systematically investigated. Environmental stability tests reveal that the TENG maintained stable voltage and current outputs across a wide temperature/humidity range and over 10,000 contact–separation cycles and that the output attenuation of this TENG is superior to that of the previously reported PVDF-based TENG. Furthermore, we verify its power supply capability by lighting up 52 LEDs and fabricated a new TENG-integrated table tennis bat for wireless position detection. The sensing system utilize a two-stage amplification circuit to overcome the high output impedance of TENGs, achieving accurate localization of ball impacts with only nine sensing units. This study not only provides insights into optimizing TENG structural and environmental resilience but also highlights their potential in electronic devices, sports analytics, and intelligent sensing networks.