A 54- $\mu$ W Design-Agnostic Clock, Voltage, and EM-Pulse Fault-Injection Attack Detection Using Time-to-Voltage Conversion

This article presents a state-of-the-art design-agnostic clock, voltage, and electromagnetic pulse (EMP)-based fault-injection attack (FIA) detector. The efficient conversion of time-to-voltage information by integrating amplifiers transforms the time anomaly into the voltage domain, enabling its detection at a lower power consumption. The clock-glitch detector design consumes only$53~\mu $W of power, providing a$33\times $to$16\times $improvement over prior art designs. In addition, the application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) implementation of a dedicated voltage-based glitch detector consumes only$1.27~\mu $W. Variable threshold selection mechanisms are also deployed to address the changes for different process corners, supply voltages, temperature, and frequency of operation, ensuring comprehensive coverage under varying circumstances. Furthermore, this detector has demonstrated its capability to detect EMP-based glitch attacks on integrated circuits (ICs), marking a first-of-its-kind demonstration.