Movable Signals With Dual-Polarized Fixed Intelligent Surfaces: Beyond Diagonal Reflection Matrices

This paper investigates wireless systems aided by dual-polarized intelligent surfaces. We compare reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), which adjust their reflection matrices, with movable signals operating with fixed intelligent surface (FIS), which adjust the signal frequency while the surface properties remain fixed. For both RIS and FIS, we consider surfaces with a diagonal reflection matrix, named diagonal RIS/FIS, and surfaces with a reflection matrix not limited to being diagonal, named beyond-diagonal RIS/FIS. Movable signals with FIS always outperform RIS, achieving at least a fourfold gain. When transmitter and receiver polarizations differ, beyond-diagonal FIS further enhances performance.