Advances in Computational Electromagnetics for Enhanced Noninvasive Brain Stimulation: E-field dosimetry, uncertainty quantification, optimization, and neural response modeling.

Electromagnetic fields are widely used to investigate brain function and to treat neurological disorders. In particular, electric fields (E-fields) influence the exchange of ions between neurons and their surrounding environment, thereby modulating the activity of targeted brain regions. The design and optimization of brain stimulation technologies increasingly depend on computational electromagnetics. This article provides an overview of E-field modeling in brain stimulation. First, we introduce the computational methods commonly used to determine the E-fields induced during brain stimulation and summarize key findings. Second, we review computational techniques for coil design and electrode placement. Finally, we discuss existing methods to understand and predict how E-fields affect individual neurons. Taken together, these modeling techniques provide a comprehensive perspective on electromagnetic brain stimulation and highlight key challenges and opportunities for future research and technological development.