A Modified Fractional Cascade Controller Based Frequency Regulation in Hybrid AGC Incorporating Demand Response

The objective of the research is to investigate how the intermittent nature of RESs with EVs is reflected in Automatic Generation Control (AGC) in a hybrid restructured power system. Hybrid AGC is integrating with Demand Response (DR). The power system under examination incorporates confirmed real-time nonlinearities, including boiler dynamics, Governor Dead Band (GDB), and Generation Rate Constraint (GRC), in addition to two distinct energy sources, thermal and bioplant, in each control region. For both scheduled and unscheduled electricity under various contracts, including bilateral, poolco, and contract breach transactions. A range of power transform models integrate three controllers: PID, TIDN, and 2DOF(FOPI)-TDN (proposed). Additionally, RESs with random loads, such as solar and wind power plants, are suggested as case studies. The suggested controller's efficacy is contrasted with that of the current controller. A modified version of the Quasi-Opposition based Crayfish Optimization Algorithm (QO-COA) approach has been presented to optimize the different gain parameters of the proposed controller. To confirm the robustness and flexibility of the proposed controller, various outcomes and case study analysis were carried out under poolco-based transactions. The robustness of the proposed controller is evaluated using the IEEE-39 bus system.