Fully Off-Grid Solar PV—Battery EV Charging Hub: Design, Energy Yield, and Economic Robustness

This study presents the design and quantitative evaluation of a fully autonomous and off-grid solar PV-battery charging hub for electric vehicles, which is suitable for urban implementation. Unlike existing EV charging hubs that rely on the grid or utilize hybrid technologies, the proposed concept operates independently and offers the benefits of energy resilience and continuous EV charging. The system design is based on typical urban electric vehicle charging demand, and hourly weather data were used to assess its performance. A 547 kWp solar PV system and a$\text{1. 9 4 ~ M W h}$lithium iron phosphate battery bank were simulated in PVsyst to evaluate the annual energy yield and continuous operation. The system has the potential to produce 641 MWh of electricity annually, with a performance ratio of 73.57 % and solar contribution of 81.57 %, indicating its reliability in off-grid operation. Furthermore, the system exhibits a competitive levelized cost of energy of 0.0734 USD/kWh, suggesting its long-term economic viability.