Payment solutions and habits in the context of financial exclusion

In the 21st century, digitalisation and technological advances have fundamentally transformed access to financial services and payment habits. Traditional cash usage is gradually being replaced by digital payment solutions such as bank card transactions, mobile payments, online transfers and cryptocurrencies. These trends are driven by convenience, speed and global accessibility, which create new opportunities for economic actors. At the same time, digitalisation not only brings advantages, but also generates new challenges, particularly in the areas of financial and digital exclusion. The concept of financial exclusion refers to limited access to financial products and services, which causes social and economic disadvantages. Digital exclusion is closely related to this: it is not enough to have the infrastructure in place; it is also necessary to have digital competences and skills. Those who do not have the appropriate technological tools or knowledge are left out of the digital financial ecosystem, which further deepens inequalities. The aim of this study is to show how individuals' payment habits are transformed depending on their parents' educational attainment, based on primary research conducted in 2025. The research aims to highlight the influence of parental education on financial culture and, thus, on the phenomenon of financial and digital exclusion. The spread of digital financial solutions can contribute to greater financial inclusion, but it also increases the risk of exclusion if there is no targeted education and infrastructure development.