3-D Passive Positioning With Individual Resonant Beam Base Station

With the rapid advancement of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, precise and efficient three-dimensional (3D) positioning systems have become increasingly critical in domains like smart homes and industrial automation. However, achieving 3D positioning of passive targets with minimal base station (BS) deployment while avoiding complex beamforming control remains a challenge. This study proposes an individual-BS resonant beam 3D passive positioning system (IBRPS) in the radio-frequency (RF) band. The system’s resonant layer employs retro-directive antenna arrays (RDAA) to achieve beam self-alignment and energy focusing between the BS and mobile device (MD). The passive nature of the resonant layer reduces energy consumption for MD, enhances application flexibility, and eliminates the need for additional beamforming control. To fully leverage the information from the individual-BS, we introduce a dual-stream network (DSN) model based on in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components. The positioning layer of the system feeds the IQ components of the antenna array signals into the two streams of the DSN, enabling simultaneous estimation of MD’s angles and distance. Simulation results demonstrate that IBRPS can successfully establish resonance between the BS and MD. Within a 50° field of view and at a distance of 6 m, the positioning errors are less than 0.1° and 0.05 m, respectively. The positioning accuracy of IBRPS surpasses that of individual-BS active positioning systems (IBAPS).