Multimodal Feedback in Automated Training Systems for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Review

Incorporating multimodal feedback in automated cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training systems has emerged as a crucial advancement in medical education, aiming to improve the quality and efficacy of CPR performance. This work presents an extensive and technical literature search on automated training CPR systems, specifically focusing on the feedback modality they provide during training sessions. We completed the search in the IEEE, ACM, Springer, SAGE, Elsevier, MDPI, Scholar, and Scopus databases between 2015 and 2025 (August) using the keywords “CPR,” “Virtual Reality (VR),” “Augmented Reality (AR),” “feedback,” and “training.” We categorized our findings based on the type of feedback provided (i.e., visual, audio, haptic, or a combination of these), the display type used to render the feedback, the technology used to monitor the trainee’s performance, and the type of manikin used. We conclude with recommendations for future research.