A Resilience-enhancing Service Pricing Framework for Modern Distribution Networks with the Integration of Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems and Vehicle-to-Grid

Flexible resources (FRs) including battery energy storage systems, hydrogen energy storage systems, and electric vehicles can effectively enhance the resilience of power distribution networks (PDNs) during extreme weather events. However, the high-impact, low-probability (HILP) nature of extreme weather events creates challenges in accurately assessing spatial temporal risk. Moreover, the complex interplay among PDN and multiple FRs introduces challenges in effectively incentivizing FRs to enhance PDN resilience. To address these issues, we apply the tail-focused risk measure known as Entropic Value at-Risk (EVaR) to assess the spatial-temporal risk of energy not supplied. In addition to the wholesale price, we develop a dynamic EVaR-based price adder designed to encourage multiple FRs to deliver resilience-enhancing services when risks are identified. This approach can mitigate supply shortfall risks by facilitating spatial-temporal FR power injection into the PDN, incentivized by the price adder. Case studies show that the EVaR risk measure is sensitive to HILP events, and the proposed pricing framework effectively incentivizes FRs to provide resilience-enhancing services at high-risk nodes and during critical intervals.