Mitigation of Active Power Oscillation in Multi-VSG Grids: An Impedance-Based Perspective

Active power oscillations (APOs) frequently arise in inverter-dominated power systems with multiple converters operating under virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control, posing risks to system stability and protection coordination. While various mitigation strategies have been proposed, many rely on prior knowledge of system parameters, offer limited damping performance, or involve complex models that lack physical interpretability—making them difficult to apply in practice. To address these challenges, this article first introduces a physically intuitive resistor-inductor-capacitor (RLC) equivalent circuit model to explain the root causes of APOs in both stand-alone (SA) and grid-connected (GC) modes. By mapping inertia, damping, and feeder impedance to capacitive, resistive, and inductive elements, respectively, the model reveals how mismatches among converters lead to interunit oscillations characterized by LC resonance. Building on this insight, we propose two mode-specific mitigation strategies: 1) in SA mode, a graph-theory-based impedance control ensures proportional reactive power sharing and effectively suppresses APOs; and 2) in GC mode, adaptive inertia and damping control with feedforward loop is designed to reshape transient power dynamics while preserving frequency stability. The proposed methods are validated through extensive simulations and real-time hardware-in-the-loop experiments, demonstrating their effectiveness in suppressing oscillations and enhancing the robustness of multiconverter power systems.