ELBO-T2IAlign: A Generic ELBO-Based Method for Calibrating Pixel-Level Text-Image Alignment in Diffusion Models

Diffusion models excel at image generation. Recent studies have shown that these models not only generate high-quality images but also encode text-image alignment information through attention maps or loss functions. This information is valuable for various downstream tasks, including segmentation, text-guided image editing, and compositional image generation. However, current methods heavily rely on the assumption of perfect text-image alignment in diffusion models, which is not the case. In this paper, we propose using zero-shot referring image segmentation as a proxy task to evaluate the pixel-level image and class-level text alignment of popular diffusion models. We conduct an in-depth analysis of pixel-text misalignment in diffusion models from the perspective of training data bias. We find that misalignment occurs in images with small-sized, occluded, or rare object classes. Therefore, we propose ELBO-T2IAlign-a simple yet effective method to calibrate pixel-text alignment in diffusion models based on the evidence lower bound (ELBO) of likelihood. ELBO-T2IAlign is training-free and generic: it requires no additional annotations, model retraining, or architectural modifications, and it can be directly applied to different diffusion backbones. Extensive experiments on zero-shot referring image segmentation, text-guided image editing, and compositional image generation verify that the proposed calibration improves pixel-text alignment across complementary downstream tasks.