Bdes: Blockchain-Empowered Data and Energy Sharing in Internet of Electric Vehicles

The Internet of Electric Vehicles (IoEV) facilitates intelligent and sustainable transportation by enabling electric vehicles (EVs) to participate in traffic data sharing and energy trading. However, the highly dynamic and decentralized nature of IoEV introduces critical challenges in identity authentication, data privacy, and trading security. Traditional centralized solutions are vulnerable to single points of failure and privacy leakage, while existing blockchain-based approaches often lack fine-grained identity control and unified handling of both data and energy interactions. To address these challenges, we propose Bdes, a blockchain-empowered data and energy sharing system tailored for IoEV environments. Bdes adopts a modular architecture that integrates three core components: a Decentralized Identifiers (DID) management module for decentralized identity registration and Verifiable Credential (VC) binding; a requirement matching module that enables automated, privacy-preserving authentication and matching between data and energy providers and consumers via smart contracts; and a trading module that decouples key exchange from data transmission, ensuring secure, tamper-proof, and traceable trading. By leveraging Decentralized Identifiers, Verifiable Credentials, and blockchain smart contracts, Bdes supports flexible, secure, and transparent sharing of traffic data and energy information across multiple untrusted entities. Extensive security analysis shows that Bdes effectively resists credential theft, inference attacks, and man-in-the-middle threats. Experimental evaluations demonstrate the system’s scalability, efficiency, and suitability for large-scale deployment in IoEV ecosystems.