High-Capacity Reversible Data Hiding for JPEG Images Using Ternary Matrix Embedding

Reversible data hiding (RDH) for JPEG images, particularly those focusing on DCT coefficient modification, has garnered significant attention in recent years. Existing methods primarily select coefficients valued$\pm 1$for expansion embedding to avoid significant file size increases caused by modifying zero-valued DCT coefficients. However, zero-valued coefficients, which constitute the majority of DCT coefficients, are more suitable for data embedding to reduce the shift distortion. To efficiently utilize zero-valued coefficients for high-capacity embedding while controlling the file size increment, this paper introduces a novel JPEG RDH method based on ternary matrix embedding, where ternary syndrome trellis codes (STC) is employed on selected zero-valued coefficients to minimize the expansion embedding distortion, and other non-zero-valued coefficients are shifted for reversibility. Furthermore, a novel DCT coefficients measurement strategy is proposed for coefficient selection to further reduce the shift distortion. Extensive experimental validations demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method in various evaluation criteria. Notably, the proposed method achieves more than twice the embedding capacity of some state-of-the-art methods at the same PSNR while maintaining file size increment within acceptable bounds.