System Integration for Multiple Pulsed Power Loads in Shipboard Microgrids: A Review of Architectures, Modeling, and Control Strategies

Pulsed power loads (PPLs) are increasingly deployed in naval ships, yet their concurrent operation introduces compounded voltage instability, harmonic distortion, and multi timescale control conflicts in shipboard DC microgrids, posing critical challenges to system stability and operational reliability. A comprehensive review of architectures, modeling, and control strategies for integrating multiple heterogeneous PPLs into shipboard microgrids is presented. Negative incremental resistance is identified as the fundamental instability mechanism through dynamic impedance modeling, upon which a hierarchical architecture framework is developed to guide topology selection and hybrid energy storage integration across PPL categories. To address the diverse dynamics of each load type, model predictive control (MPC), sliding mode control (SMC), and hysteresis control (HC) are systematically benchmarked to delineate their optimal operating regimes. A load-driven sizing and coordination methodology is further proposed for hybrid energy storage management under simultaneous multi-load operation, with open challenges and future directions discussed for modern all-electric vessels.