Supersoliton Dust-Ion-Acoustic Waves in Three-Component Dusty Plasma Using Cairns–Tsallis Electron Distribution

This study investigates the nonlinear dynamics of a three-component dusty plasma with Cairns-distributed nonextensive electrons using the Sagdeev pseudopotential method and phase-portrait analysis. We identify three distinct electrostatic nonlinear structures: solitons, double layers, and supersolitons. The characteristics of these structures are highly sensitive to key plasma parameters, including the Mach number, the nonextensive parameter$q$, and the fraction of nonthermal electrons$\alpha $. A critical finding is that supersolitons emerge exclusively in plasmas with more than two components. These structures exhibit a unique amplitude profile and distinct propagation properties that differentiate them from conventional solitons. The necessary condition for their existence requires the Sagdeev pseudopotential to possess at least four extrema and two real roots. In this model, supersolitons form near double-layer structures within a well-defined parametric space governed by the Mach number, the nonextensive parameter$q$, and other plasma parameters. A comprehensive parametric analysis delineates the existence domains of all nonlinear wave structures, revealing that each mode is constrained to specific plasma conditions. The results strongly agree with observations of electrostatic wave phenomena in Earth’s magnetosheath, particularly regarding wave shape and general characteristics, which highlight the role of super-solitary structures in space plasmas. Cluster mission in situ measurements and other spacecraft data have detected these structures in the magnetosheath, reinforcing the relevance of our findings.