Post-Quantum Cyber Risk Assessment for Networked Microgrids: A Unified Framework

The growing interconnection of microgrids enhances the efficiency and resilience of modern power systems, yet it also increases exposure to cyber threats. The emergence of quantum computing further compromises traditional security methods, creating an urgent need for post-quantum risk assessment strategies. This paper presents a unified framework for evaluating both classical and post-quantum cyber risks in networked microgrids. In the proposed approach, each microgrid is represented in a multidimensional feature space, from which a single system matrix model is constructed to capture network-wide characteristics. The matrix model enables statistical, structural, temporal, and cryptographic authenticity checks, while deviations are quantified through a unified threat score and an associated confidence score. Extensive case studies demonstrate the performance of the framework under different cases. The results highlight its value as a methodological advance for systematically assessing post-quantum cyber risks in networked microgrids and for supporting their secure transition into the quantum era.