Dual Pricing for Autonomous Mobility on Demand: An Interoperable Transportation and Charging Pricing Perspective

Autonomous Mobility on Demand (AMoD) fleets are emerging as the application of the sharing economy in the transportation sector. Their success offers significant opportunities for decarbonization within the transportation sector. This paper proposes a dual-pricing mechanism for AMoD fleets based on a non-cooperative Stackelberg game framework. In the proposed framework, the Charging Station Operators (CSOs) set the charging prices while the AMoD operator determines the transportation prices. This dual-pricing strategy collaboratively navigates the AMoD fleets, thereby fostering the utilization of photovoltaic resources. To account for the uncertainty in photovoltaic generation, the pricing interaction is formulated as a distributionally robust game, and a generalized Stackelberg equilibrium computing algorithm is developed. The proposed dual-pricing mechanism explicitly enhances the coordination between AMoD operations and power systems by enabling spatial– temporal charging load shifting and improving photovoltaic utilization, thereby increasing the overall operational efficiency of the coupled transportation–power system. Numerical case studies validate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.