SOLAR: Switchable Output Layer for Accuracy and Robustness in Once-for-All Training

Once-for-All (OFA) training enables a single super-net to generate multiple sub-nets tailored to diverse deployment scenarios, supporting flexible trade-offs among accuracy, robustness, and model-size without retraining. However, as the number of supported sub-nets increases, excessive parameter sharing in the backbone limits representational capacity, leading to degraded calibration and reduced overall performance. To address this, we propose SOLAR (Switchable Output Layer for Accuracy and Robustness in Once-for-All Training), a simple yet effective technique that assigns each sub-net a separate classification head. By decoupling the logit learning process across sub-nets, the Switchable Output Layer (SOL) reduces representational interference and improves optimization, without altering the shared backbone. We evaluate SOLAR on five datasets (SVHN, CIFAR-10, STL-10, CIFAR-100, and TinyImageNet) using four super-net backbones (ResNet-34, WideResNet-16-8, WideResNet-40-2, and MobileNetV2) for two OFA training frameworks (OATS and SNNs). Experiments show that SOLAR outperforms the baseline methods: compared to OATS, it improves accuracy of sub-nets up to 1.26%, 4.71%, 1.67%, and 1.76%, and robustness up to 9.01%, 7.71%, 2.72%, and 1.26% on SVHN, CIFAR-10, STL-10, and CIFAR-100, respectively. Compared to SNNs, it improves TinyImageNet accuracy by up to 2.93%, 2.34%, and 1.35% using ResNet-34, WideResNet-16-8, and MobileNetV2 backbones (with 8 sub-nets), respectively. The code of SOLAR is publicly available at: https://github.com/NAIL-UH/SOLAR and its website can be accessed at https://saktx.github.io/solar.github.io/.