Efficacy and safety of adding a fourth oral antidiabetic drug versus metformin dose escalation in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on triple oral combination therapy ( EFFORT ): A 24‐week, randomized, open‐label, multicenter trial

Abstract Aims To evaluate the efficacy and safety of adding a fourth oral antidiabetic drug versus metformin uptitration in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with oral triple therapy. Materials and Methods In this 24‐week, randomized, open‐label trial, adults with type 2 diabetes having glycated haemoglobin (HbA 1C ) 7.0–9.0% despite oral triple therapy with metformin plus a thiazolidinedione (TZD), sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i), or dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor (DPP‐4i) were randomized to an oral quadruple add‐on group or a metformin uptitration group. The quadruple group received the class not previously used (TZD, SGLT2i, or DPP‐4i), whereas the metformin uptitration group increased the metformin dose by up to 500 mg per day. The primary endpoint was the change in HbA 1C at week 24. Secondary endpoints included fasting glucose, metabolic parameters, and safety. Results Hundred and ninety‐three were evaluable: 48 in the metformin uptitration group and 145 in the quadruple group. Compared to baseline, HbA 1C at week 24 decreased by 0.70% (interquartile range [IQR] 0.40%, 1.10%) with quadruple therapy and 0.40% (IQR 0.10%, 0.80%) with metformin uptitration ( p = 0.002). The rate achieving HbA 1C ≤7.0% was higher in the quadruple group (69.7% vs. 47.9%, p = 0.006). Insulin resistance improved only in the quadruple group and was accompanied by reduced albuminuria. Adverse events were mild and comparable between groups. Conclusions Oral quadruple therapy achieved greater glycaemic and metabolic improvement without compromising safety, compared with metformin uptitration, supporting its role as an intensification strategy.