Impact of specialised endocrinology care on metabolic control and healthcare utilisation outcomes after kidney transplantation in patients with diabetes: A 12‐month observational cohort study

AIMS: To evaluate whether an endocrinology-integrated transplant clinic and differing healthcare delivery models are associated with metabolic outcomes during the first year after kidney transplantation in recipients with pre-existing diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective longitudinal cohort study of adult kidney transplant recipients with diabetes at a US and a European academic centre. Participants were classified by post-transplant diabetes care model: Cohort 1, endocrinology-led Endocrine Transplant Clinic (ETC; n = 99); Cohort 2, historical standard transplant care at the same US centre (n = 81); and Cohort 3, standard endocrinology care at a Spanish academic centre (n = 40). Pre-specified outcomes included HbA1c, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and lipid levels measured at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months. Linear mixed-effects models adjusted for demographic and clinical covariates were applied. Missing longitudinal data were addressed using multiple imputation with complete-case sensitivity analyses. RESULTS: Among 220 recipients, adjusted metabolic trajectories were broadly similar across cohorts. HbA1c was unchanged at 3 and 6 months but higher at 12 months; >50% had HbA1c >7% at 1 year. BMI remained stable, with ≥30% meeting obesity criteria throughout follow-up. Blood pressure did not improve, and systolic hypertension (>130 mmHg) remained common (49%-77%). At 12 months, LDL-C ≥70 mg/dL was present in 20.8%, 63.3%, and 42.3% of Cohorts 1-3. Findings were consistent in sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic control in the first post-transplant year showed stabilisation rather than improvement, with many recipients above cardiometabolic targets. Prospective studies should test whether earlier, protocolised multidisciplinary management improves cardiovascular and graft outcomes.