RADIALIS Origin and Expression Suggest Ancestral Function in Female Organs of Seed Plants

ABSTRACT Pairs of protein homologs may participate in competitive interactions to define morphology. How these competitive pairs evolve, whether they evolve repeatedly, and how they affect the origin of novel features are open questions. Ovules/seeds are a major innovation in plants, a trait that evolved in the ancestor of all seed plants. Within seed plants, flowers and fruits are synapomorphies arising within angiosperms, while gymnosperms retain the ancestral absence of these structures. RADIALIS and DIVARICATA are two MYB homologs whose competitive interaction is involved in fruit/carpel development and flower symmetry. DIVARICATA proteins have both a protein‐binding and a DNA‐binding domain, but RADIALIS only have the protein‐binding domain. Through a Bayesian phylogenetic approach, we demonstrate that DIVARICATA genes underwent two rounds of duplications at the base of vascular plants forming three clades: DIV‐A , DIV‐B , and DIV‐C . We show that RADIALIS homologs evolved only once: from DIV‐C at the base of seed plants, mediated by a premature stop codon likely generated by a single‐base substitution. We surveyed the expression pattern of these genes for the first time in a gymnosperm, Ginkgo biloba . We find that Ginkgo biloba RADIALIS genes often have higher expression in ovules. This is consistent with the expression and function of RADIALIS in angiosperm carpels. Our work provides suggestive evidence that the evolution of seed habit may be associated with the origin of the silencing peptide RADIALIS.