Immune checkpoint inhibitor cardiomyotoxicity: a case series of five patients and development of a clinical management algorithm

Internal Medicine Journal 2026 Open access

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Authors: S Z Xie, J E Salem, A Nagrial, Alexander M. Menzies, L Thomas, Sudarshini Ramanathan, L J Berglund, S C Sasson, A C Grey, R Habib, M Wong, Matteo S. Carlino
+3 more B Jeffrey, J Mo, M W Lin
DOI: 10.1111/imj.70368
Cited by: 1
References: 9

Abstract

Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapies have revolutionised the management of a range of malignancies. However, the syndrome of ICI induced cardiomyotoxicity, also reported as triple "M" syndrome (myasthenia gravis, myositis and myocarditis) is an unfortunate severe consequence in up to 1%-2% of patients receiving ICI, with an associated mortality of up to 50%. Based on international evidence and local experience, we have developed a clinical pathway in our institution as a guide to the early identification and targeted management of this condition.

Fields of Study & Subjects

Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers CAR-T cell therapy research Chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity and mitigation

Publication details

Journal / source
Internal Medicine Journal
Publisher
Wiley
Volume
56
Issue
5
Pages
902–907
Publication date
29 April 2026
Language
EN