European Society of Neuroendocrine Tumors ( ENETS ) 2025 guidance paper for lung and thymic carcinoids

This ENETS guidance paper, developed by a multidisciplinary working group, provides up-to-date and practical advice on the diagnosis and management of lung and thymic carcinoids, based on recent developments and study results. These recommendations aim to provide practical recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of these tumours, and pave the road for more standardised care for our patients expecting improved outcomes. This paper is structured on a question-answer format in order to address common dilemmas encountered in clinical practice, including controversial issues and areas of uncertainty, based on the best available evidence and expert opinion when good quality evidence is not available. Each recommendation will provide a level of evidence and grade of recommendation as per the GRADE system (adapted from the Infectious Disease Society of United States Public Health Service grading system).