Nursery Epidemiology and Global Distribution of the Citrus Nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans : Implications for Nursery Infestation and Management

ABSTRACT Tylenchulus semipenetrans (Cobb 1913) is an important plant‐parasitic nematode that severely affects citrus nurseries and orchard productivity worldwide. It infects feeder roots of young citrus plants, leading to ‘slow decline’ symptoms such as stunted growth, leaf yellowing and weakened root systems. These early symptoms highlight the need for timely detection and intervention. Nursery plants serve as primary inoculum sources for field infestations, emphasising the importance of quarantine and effective sanitation. This review explores the nematode's biology, morphology, host interactions, advanced techniques for early detection and the unique challenges it poses in nursery environments. Emphasis is placed on recent advancements in detection methods and integrated management strategies. These include the use of bio‐intensive approaches, deployment of resistant rootstocks, and manipulation of the rhizosphere microbiome to suppress nematode populations. The paper also highlights the importance of sustainable, holistic solutions that combine traditional and innovative practices. By integrating the most recent scientific findings and management approaches, this review aims to support the development of nematode‐free nursery systems, ultimately promoting resilient and sustainable citrus production across affected regions.