Three Decades of China's Bt Cotton: Achievements and Insights

Cotton is a vital natural fibre crop with significant economic value worldwide. In response to the threat of cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), the China government initiated a research project in 1992 to develop transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton. Through domestic research and development efforts, China achieved a significant milestone in 1994: the successful development of Bt cotton. The project has continued since then, consistently advancing agricultural plant breeding efforts and providing economically critical new cotton germplasm to combat insect infestation and other stressors. We here present an overview of the 30-year history of this project, highlighting eight important lessons, six significant achievements, and three valuable insights gleaned from the pioneering agricultural endeavour. Chinese Bt cotton revolutionised the country's cotton industry and contributed to the economic growth and sustainability of Chinese agriculture. Through careful analysis and reflection, this article provides guidance for future development and implementation of agricultural biotechnologies.